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"When you tie them on, make sure you do it firmly enough that they'll stay for at least a couple of weeks," said Ballew, who noted the efforts of city staff, police officers, firefighters and sheriff's personnel in response to the shooting, but also asserted that "they are all proud of what you're doing today."In their Science paper, Mazmanian and colleagues describe the entire molecular pathway that produces this effect. It starts with the bacteria producing a complex sugar molecule called polysaccharide A (PSA). PSA is sensed by particular receptors, known as Toll like receptors, on the surfaces of Treg cells, thus activating those cells specifically. In response, Treg cells suppress yet another type of cell, the T helper 17 (Th17) cells. Normally, Th17 cells induce pro inflammatory responses those that would result, for example, in the elimination of foreign bacteria or other pathogens from the body. By shutting those cells down, B. fragilis gets a free pass to colonize the gut. "Up until now, we have thought that triggering of Toll like receptors resulted solely in the induction of pathways that eliminate bacteria," says Round. "However, our studies suggest that multiple yet undiscovered host pathways allow us to coexist with our microbial partners."
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